(This information has been prepared as a service by the American Veterinary Medical Association. Redistribution is acceptable,but the document’s original content and format must be maintained, and its source must be prominently identified.)

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Canine Influenza Backgrounder (February 14, 2007) _____________________________________________

Causative agent

Canine influenza (CI) is caused by a type A Orthomyxovirus. The viruses are 80-120 nanometers (nm) in diameter, and consist of a core of eight separate pieces of single-strand ribonucleic acid (RNA) surrounded by a spiked arrangement of glycoproteins. The canine influenza virus has been classified as H3N8, based on the amino acid composition of the hemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N) glycoproteins in the lipid outer layer of the capsid. These glycoproteins facilitate entry into and release from host cells, and are import!ant targets for antibodies against the virus (generated as a result of infection or response to vaccination). CI represents a very rare event in adaptive evolution; the entire genome of the H3N8 equine influenza virus was transferred to dogs, and the virus adapted to the canine species to emerge as a new canine-specific virus.

원인물질;

개 인플루엔자는 RNA바이러스로 말 인플루엔자 바이러스가 개에게 전이되어 적응, 개-특이성(dog-specific)바이러스로 나타난 것임.

Natural distribution

The first recognized outbreak of canine influenza is believed to have occurred in racing greyhounds in January 2004 at a track in Florida. From June to August of 2004, outbreaks of respiratorydisease were reported at 14 tracks in 6 states (Florida, Texas, Alabama, Arkansas, West Virginia, and Kansas). Between January and May of 2005, outbreaks occurred at 20 tracks in 11 states (Florida, Texas, Arkansas, Arizona, West Virginia, Kansas, Iowa, Colorado, Rhode Island, and Massachusetts). Florida, Colorado, and the New York City region have become endemic for CI, and Pittsburgh (PA) and Lexington (KY) may also be emerging as endemic areas. Sporadic seropositive dogs have been found in many other states.

개 바이러스의 최초 발병은 2004년 그레이하운드 경주견에서 타나났으며 그해 6월~8월에 걸쳐 여섯 개주 14개 경주트랙에서 호흡기계질환으로 나타났다. 2005년 1월과 5월 사이에도 11개주의 11개 트랙에서 나타났으며 뉴욕에선 지역 풍토병화 되었고 피츠버그와 렉싱톤에서도 풍토병화 되어가고 있다. 이외 여러 다른 주에서도 산발적으로 나타나 왔다.

Transmission

Canine influenza is spread via aerosolized respiratory secretions and contaminated inanimate objects and people moving between infected and uninfected dogs. The incubation period is usually two to five days. Infected dogs shed virus for seven to 10 days after clinical signs first appear. Because this is a newly emerging pathogen, all dogs, regardless of breed or age, are susceptible to infection and have no naturally acquired or vaccine-induced immunity. Virtually all dogs that are exposed become infected with the virus, but approximately 80% develop clinical signs of disease. The approximately 20% of infected dogs that do not exhibit clinical signs of disease can still shed the virus and can spread the infection.

전이(감염옮김)

개 인플루엔자 바이러스는 공기중 분사되는 호흡기계 분비물에 의해 번지며, 오염된 집기나 기구 그리고 사람들의 감염된 개로부터 감염되지 않은 개로 옮겨갈 때 번진다. 잠복기는 이틀에서 닷새정도이며 감염된 개는 임상 증상이 나타난 후 7일에서 10일 후에 바이러스를 분비한다. 이 바이러스는 새로 출현한 것으로 모든 종류의 모든 연령의 개들이 감수성이 있으며 자연면역을 가지고 있지 않고 백신으로 면역을 유도할 수도 없다. 사실상 바이러스에 노출된 모든 개가 감염되면 이중에서 80%의 개들이 임상 증상을 나타낸다. 감염된 개중 20%는 무증상이나 바이러스를 분비하며, 따라서 감염을 퍼뜨리게 된다.

 Clinical Signs

Canine influenza virus causes clinical disease that mimics kennel cough. As a result, infection with the virus is frequently mistaken for infections caused by Bordetella brochiseptica/parainfluenza virus complex. Clinical disease may be mild or severe. Most dogs (80%) exhibit the mild form of CI. In the mild form, the most common clinical sign is a cough that persists for 10 to 21 days despite treatment with antibiotics and cough suppressants. Most dogs have a soft, moist cough, whereas others have a dry cough that is similar to that induced by Bordetella bronchiseptica/parainfluenza virus infection. Many dogs have a purulent nasal discharge and a low-grade fever. The nasal discharge is usually caused by secondary bacterial infections, including Pasteurella multocida and mycoplasma species.. Some dogs are more severely affected with clinical signs of pneumonia, such as a high-grade fever (104◦F to 106◦F) and increased respiratory rate and effort. Thoracic radiography may reveal consolidation of lung lobes.

임상증상;

개 인플루엔자 바이러스는 켄넬코프와 유사한 증상을 보여 켄넬코프로 오인되곤 한다. 임상 증세는 경미한 증세부터 심한 증세까지 나타날 수 있으며, 80% 이르는 경미한 증상은 항생제와 진해제 치료에도 불구하고 10일에서 21일간 지속되는 기침 증세이다. 대부분의 개들은 습성 기침을 하지만 다른 개들의 경우는 켄넬코프에서와 같은 건성기침을 한다. 많은 개들이 이차감염에 의한 화농성 코분비물과 미열을 보인다. 일부의 경우는 폐렴에서와 같은 고열과 호흡촉박, 호흡수 증가 등을 나타내며 방사선 검사상 폐의 이상소견을 나타낸다.
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(This information has been prepared as a service by the American Veterinary Medical Association. Redistribution is acceptable,but the document’s original content and format must be maintained, and its source must be prominently identified.)

Diagnosis

There is no reliable rapid test for diagnosis of acute canine influenza virus infection. The most reliable and sensitive method for confirm!ation of infection is serologic testing. Antibodies to canine influenza virus may be detected as early as seven days after onset of clinical signs and paired acute and convalescent serum samples are necessary for diagnosis of recent infection. Convalescent samples should be collected at least two weeks after collection of the acute sample. If an acute sample is not available, a convalescent sample will indicate whether a dog has been infected at some point in the past. A diagnosis of CI is made based on a four-fold increase in antibody titer from the acute to the convalescent sample. The collection of pharyngeal swabs or tracheal wash samples from febrile dogs very early in the course of the disease may also provide confirm!ation via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or virus isolation. Other diagnostic options applicable to dogs that have died from pneumonia are viral culture and PCR analysis, using fresh (not formalin-preserved or frozen) lung and tracheal tissues. Virus detection in respiratory secretion specimens from acutely ill animals by use of viral culture, PCR analysis, or rapid chromatographic immunoassay is possible, but usually unrewarding. The Cornell Animal Health Diagnostic Center is currently accepting samples for analysis. For detailed information on sample submission, visit http://www.diaglab.vet.cornell.edu/issues/civ.asp.

개 인플루엔자 바이러스의 감염 확인을 위한 진단은 아직까진 믿을 만한 신속한 방법이 없으며 감염초기의 혈청과 감염경과후의 혈청을 가지고 항체의 증가를 정량함으로써 진단한다고 하며 다른 방법들은 별로 정확하지 않다고 합니다. 코넬대학의 진단센터에서 샘플을 제출하면 진단을 해 준다고 합니다.

Treatment

As for all viral disease, treatment is largely supportive. Good husbandry and nutrition may assist dogs in mounting an effective immune response. In the milder form of the disease, a thick green nasal discharge most likely represents a secondary bacterial infection that usually resolves quickly after treatment with a broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobial. Pneumonia in more severely affected dogs responds best to a combination of broad-spectrum bactericidal antimicrobials (to combat secondarybacterial infections) and maintenance of hydration via intravenous administration of fluids. Currently available antiviral drugs are approved for use in humans only and little is known about their use in dogs. Veterinarians who use approved drugs in a manner that is not in accord with approved label directions (e.g., use of an antiviral drug only approved for use in humans) must follow the federal extralabel drug use regulations of the Animal Medicinal Drug Use Clarification Act (AMDUCA).

치료;

모든 바이러스 감염에 있어서 치료는 대부분 대증적 요법이며, 좋은 영양 공급과 보살핌은 개들이 면역계 활동을 높이는데 도움이 된다. 진한 누런 코가 나올 경우는 항생제 요법이 필요하며 폐렴 증세처럼 심한 증세를 보일때는 광범위 항생제와 살균제제를 혼합 사용하고 탈수를 막기위해 정맥 수액을 공급한다. 현재 사람에게 있어 사용이 가능한 항 바이러스제를 개들에게 사용하는 것에 대해서는 정확한 평가가 별로 되어 있지 않다. 수의사가 만약 사람에게 승인된 이들 항바이러스제를 개에게 사용하려고 할때는 항바이러스제의 표시사항에 기입된 사용목적 이외의 사용이 되므로 설명서지정외 약품 사용에 대한 연방 규제를 반드시 따라야 한다.

Morbidity and Mortality

The morbidity rate (the number of exposed animals that develop disease) associated with canine influenza is estimated at 80%. The case fatality rate (the number of clinically ill animals that die from the disease) to date has ranged from 5 to 8%.

감염율과 치사율;

이 병의 감염율은 80%이고 (바이러스에 노출된 개가 감염되는 비율) 감염된 개가 죽는 치사율은 5~8% 정도이다.

Prevention and Control

At this time, no vaccine is available to protect against canine influenza. Routine biosecurity precautions are key to preventing spread. The kennel cough (Bordetella bronchiseptica/canine parainfluenza complex) vaccine does not provide cross protection for CI. The canine influenza virus is an enveloped virus that appears to be easily killed by disinfectants in common use in veterinary, boarding, and shelter facilities, such as quaternary ammonium compounds and bleach solutions. Protocols should be established for thoroughly cleaning and disinfecting cages, bowls, and other surfaces between uses. Employees should wash their hands with soap and water before and after handling each dog; after coming into contact with dogs\' saliva, urine, feces, or blood; after cleaning cages; and upon arriving at and before leaving the facility. Isolation protocols should be rigorously applied for dogs showing signs of respiratory disease. Clothing, equipment, surfaces and hands should be cleaned and disinfected after exposure to dogs showing signs of respiratory disease. Dog owners whose dogs are coughing or exhibiting other signs of respiratory disease should not participate in activities or bring their dogs to facilities where other dogs can be exposed to the virus.

I

예방과 관리;

개 인플루엔자 바이러스에 대한 백신은 현재 없다. 그리고 켄넬코프 접종이 되어 있다고 하여도 교차 면역이 되지 않는다. 이 바이러스는 일반적으로 사용되는 소독약이나 표백제약(락스 같은 거)에 쉽게 죽기 때문에 통상적인 위생수칙을 지키는 것이 질병 확산의 열쇠가 된다. 시설물외 모든 것들을 소독하고 깨끗하게 유지하기 위한 프로토콜을 정립해야 하며, 개를 만지고 다른 개를 만지기 전에, 배설물이나(오줌 똥), 침, 호흡기 분비물을등을 치운 이후에, 해당 장소에 들어가거나 나올때마다 매번 비누로 손을 철저히 씻어야 한다. 증세를 보이는 개들은 철저하게 격리해야 하며, 호흡기 증세를 보이는 개와 접촉된 옷(섬유, 이불등 모두),장비, 시설물의 표면은 반드시 소독을 해야 한다. 기침등 증세를 보이는 개의 소유자는 다른 개들에게 바이러스를 전염시킬 가능성이 있는 장소나 모임에는 참여해선 않된다.